According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide, In India, cancer of the cervix uteri is the 3rd most common cancer with an Incidence rate of 18.3% and the second leading cause of death.
Risk factors for development of Cervical Cancer-
- HPV infection is the most significant risk factor for cervical cancer. Certain high-risk strains of HPV, particularly types 16 and 18, are strongly associated with the development of cervical cancer. HPV is a sexually transmitted infection.
- Women who smoke are more likely to develop cervical cancer than non- smokers.
- Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those living with HIV/AIDS or those who have undergone organ transplantation, are at higher risk of developing cervical cancer.
- Women who become sexually active at an early age or have high risk sexual behaviour are at increased risk of HPV infection.
- Long-term use of oral contraceptives may slightly increase the risk of cervical cancer.
Treatment of cervical cancer is multidisciplinar
- Surgery is a common treatment for cervical cancer, especially in early stages. Depending on the stage and extent of the cancer, different types of surgeries may be performed like Conization: removal of a cone-shaped piece of tissue from the cervix. Hysterectomy which is removal of the uterus and possibly surrounding tissues.
- Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. It can be used alone or in combination with surgery or chemotherapy. There are two main types of radiation therapy: External Beam Radiation and Brachytherapy.
- Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing. It can be given before or after surgery, or in combination with radiation therapy.
Understanding the risk factors can help implement preventive measures, such as HPV vaccination, regular screening, and lifestyle changes, to reduce the risk of cervical cancer and improve early detection and treatment outcomes. Treatment plans are tailored to each patient based on factors such as the stage of cancer, overall health, and personal preferences. It's important for patients to discuss treatment options thoroughly with their healthcare team to make informed decisions about their care.